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Cybercops for Cybercrime

In an effort to regulate the investigation of digital crime in the US, some states are looking at limiting the practice to Private Investigators. North and South Carolina, Georgia, New York, Nevada, Texas, Virginia and Washington are just some of the states that are enacting mandatory licensing of all forensic investigators.

One of the main problems around the investigation of digital crime is the issue of jurisdiction. Digital crime is borderless. Someone in New York can perpetrate criminal activities in Los Angeles without moving from his of her desk. According to the new laws anyone investigating this crime would have to be licensed in both New York and LA for his or her findings to be admissible in a court of law. Should supporting digital evidence be found in any other states, the investigator would need valid PI licenses for them too. Evidence from unlicensed investigators will be excluded from court and could result in the criminal prosecution of the offenders.

IT professionals by and large don't have any problems with attempts to regulate their field. Their primary concern is that they are being forced into an existing and ill-fitting category rather than being given one of their own. They fear that by allowing anyone with a PI license to claim forensic investigative credibility, evidence will be unnecessarily compromised and the field's image will be irreparably tarnished. Their argument is that if they have to be licensed, then regular PIs should also be licensed to carry out the delicate and specialised work of data collection and recovery.

What is in fact needed is more education on all sides. Forensic investigators need to learn more about court procedures and what constitutes admissible evidence, for example, maintaining the chain of custody of evidence and the proper documentation of findings. Prosecutors should know more about what is and is not possible so that they'll recognise outlandish claims and know when to challenge the credibility of evidence.

If PIs want to engage in digital investigations they should be able to prove their competency in the field. There should be a standard exam that all aspirant digital investigators need to pass in order to qualify for a forensic investigator PI license. Standardised practices will make it easier for investigators to work across state boundaries. Standardisation will also contribute to transparency in a field whose specialised nature places it at risk of obfuscation.

Regulations are necessary in all industries. They help those within the industries work to the best of their abilities and create a sense of accountability and responsibility. It's undeniable that the field of digital investigation needs regulating, as without it evidence is open to compromise. But legislators should take care that the regulations serve the industries that they are designed to protect, and don't detract from their credibility. Stan King, from the Forensics and Investigative Response Practice of Verizon Business Services said, "Like a doctor who's gone to medical school, works in his field, takes continuing education and maintains his medical licenses-that's the level of accountability we need for digital forensics". I don't think that the courts of South Carolina would argue.

By Sandy Cosser

7 Easy Steps to Secure Your Wireless Router

Accessing Your Wireless Router's Configuration

To gain access to your wireless router settings and configuration menu then connect to the router either wirelessly or via a Ethernet cable. Open a web browser and type either:

<a href="http://192.168.1.1/">http://192.168.1.1</a> or

<a href="http://192.168.2.1/">http://192.168.2.1</a>

1) Change Admin password

Most wireless routers ship with a blank password. It is essential that this is changed else a potential hacker could get into your router configuration and lock you out of your own hardware.

2) Change The Network Name (otherwise known as the SSID)

The default network name is usually made up of the name/model of your wireless router. This information gives a head start for a hacker and makes it easier for them to break into your network. Don't rename it to something like your surname or house name as this unnecessarily exposes personal information. Rename it to an alpha-numeric string - this can be up to 32 characters long.

3) Turn off SSID broadcasting

By default, a wireless router's SSID is broadcast so anyone in the vicinity of your wireless router can see that it. SSID broadcasting can be turned off thus making your wireless router virtually invisible.

4) Enabling Encryption

This is switched off by default. There is a choice of WEP, WPA and WPA2. Currently the latest encryption method is WPA2 so use this where possible. Both your wireless router and wireless PC adaptor must be configured to use the same encryption.

5) Mac Address Control

All hardware has a unique MAC address associated with it, including your PC adaptor card. This MAC address can be added to access control list in the wireless router. Only devices added to the router's access control list are allowed to be connected.

6) Update router firmware

It is recommended that the latest router firmware is downloaded from the manufacturer's website and installed in the router. This will hopefully fix any bugs that have been found for your router and also help with any known security flaws in the router itself.

7) Backup settings

Finally, backup all router settings. If you reset the router back to its factory default settings for whatever reason, your configuration can later be easily and quickly restored back into the router.

By Andy J Jones

How to Find iPod Movies

With the thousands of video devices on the market place, many people don't realize that their choices for where to find movies for them is just about as broad. While the most popular portable video device is the iPod, many people believe that the only place to find movies for this device is at the iTunes store. This is simply not the case.

There are hundreds of sites popping up on the Internet now that allow you to download movies for your portable devices, including the iPod. While there are plenty of these sites that are not that great, there are some that are excellent. And not only are the movies excellent, but the price and download speeds are excellent as well. And some of these will even allow you unlimited downloading for a one time only price.

The trick is finding the excellent sites among the "junk" sites. Just doing a mere search will turn up hundreds of different sites to sort through, and many of them will end up being junk sites. Just wading through these sites will end up costing you more money than it's worth. What I would suggest is that you do a search, and when you find a site that you think looks like a possibility for good iPod movies, do a little bit of research on it. Many times if a site is a junk site, people will be complaining about it in the different ipod movies forums. And you should easily be able to find complaints, if there are any, by doing a few simple Google searches.

And the other trick to finding excellent iPod movie sites, is by letting someone else do it for you. What I'm talking about is a good iPod Movie comparison site. Many times these sites do the dirty work and come up with a list of good sites.

iPod-Movies.net We Do the dirty work of finding excellent iPod Movies for you to download!

By Gary Venrooy

What is Nanotube?

They were discovered in 1991 by the Japanese electron microscopist Simio Iijima who was studying the material deposited on the cathode during the arc-evaporation synthesis of fullerenes. Carbon nanotubes are fullerene-related structures which consist of graphene[1] cylinders closed at either end with caps containing pentagonal rings. Examples of Nanotubes are Single-layer nanotubes and nanotube "ropes" and nanohorns. Carbon nanotubes, therefore, are rolled-up sheets of graphite - i.e. the same material that is used in pencils. A sheet of graphite is composed of carbon atoms arranged in a flat hexagonal pattern similar to chicken wire mesh.

Nanoelectronic has witnessed a shift towards molecular systems in recent years. Though the term molecular electronic is rather an old one, it is only recently that single molecules have become the focus of interest, as nanoelectronic start to surface. This was triggered by research on carbon nanotubes. But before the carbon nanotubes entered the scene, molecular electronic was the science of organic polymers, their synthesis, processing and doping. With carbon nanotubes, we finally have a model system at hand that is equally of interest for chemists, material scientists and physicists. However, carbon nanotubes are supramolecular objects for a chemist; they are one-dimensional solids for a physicist. In the future, more of this supramolecular structure will be studied on a single molecule level.

Theorists have shown that nanotubes can be conducting or insulating depending on their structure. Therefore, this may lead to applications in nanoelectronic.

Wires are not possible for use in nanoelectronic, because they are susceptible to thinning and breakage. Despite recent interest in carbon nanotubes, they have variable electronic properties, depending on their orientation, reducing their functionality as electrical conductors.

One problem that plagues researchers looking to fashion circuit components from nanotubes is separating metallic tubes from the ones that are semi-conducting. Common synthesis procedures produce spaghetti-like mixtures of nanotube ropes that are unusable for semiconductor applications because they contain both types of tubes.

Nanotubes can be metals or semiconductors, and because of their strong chemical bonds and satisfied valences[2], the materials boast high thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability. In addition, carbon nanotubes can be efficient conductors as a result of their tiny diameters, long lengths, and defect-free structures that make them ideal one-dimensional systems.

Theoretical models have predicted that nanotubes could behave as ideal one-dimensional "quantum wires" with either semi conducting or metallic behaviours. Study of Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM) images, however, has indicated that the nanotubes also incorporate kinks and defects into their walls

Progress in nanotubes synthesis has now yielded single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) with well-defined diameters, bringing the experimental situation much closer to that of the theoretical models. Recent measurements indicate that these materials do behave like one-dimensional wires. The SWNTs should also be more sensitive to defects, to the extent that defects may dominate the transport characteristics. In this work, an STM tip was used as a sliding electrical contact to probe the length-dependence of SWNT conductance. Although atomic defects were not directly imaged, sharp conductance transitions and hetero-junction behaviours in the nanotube conductance are suggestive of the signatures of nanotube defects.

By Najib Altawell

Can I Overclock My Video Card?

Video cards can be overclocked to make graphics run faster and smoother. With overclocking, you are pushing the GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) and/or the onboard memory way past their specified clock speeds. Overclocking video cards result in optimum performance. With overclocking, game play becomes more satisfactory.

Careful consideration is needed before beginning this process. You must completely know the full specifications of your hardware peripherals. For gaming computers, knowledge of the specific usage of the computer and the kinds of gaming processes it does (and allows for) is needed. Know if your card model can adjust to the modification and know how durable it is against extreme heating.

Not all video cards are capable of being overclocked. While most kinds of newly developed graphic cards can stand the process of overclocking, others may not last very long. Each peripheral is different, also, the older the card model gets, the lesser chances there will be in successfully overclocking it. It's always possible for the unit to give out prematurely since graphic cards consist of diverse components (capacitors, GPUs, voltage regulators, and others). Different companies use different kinds of peripherals which greatly affect the video card's quality and durability.

Many video card models in the past did not allow for overclocking but in recent years, manufacturers have started enabling this process. This means that older video card models may have slighter chances of being overclocked. If the video card you want to overclock is quite old, you might have problems overclocking it. Older models are generally at a disadvantage since they are old technology. Old technology normally does not easily adapt to changes or modification as it is limited in its features and capabilities.

Overclocking may not produce the same results in all video cards, even though they may be the same brand and year model. Each are not contained in the same hardware packaging and each are not used nor maintained in the same way. Overheating will greatly affect the performance and lifetime of your video card so you must ensure that your peripherals and boards get enough cooling from the fans. Else, they may just all fire up.

Each brand may require its own overclocking tool or program. You may need to download specific software for your video card. Also, the software will vary based on your operating system. It's best to gather enough information for you to know how to correctly go abut the overclocking process for video cards. Research the internet for tips, explanations, and software promotional offers for overclocking. After a thorough study and identification of the specs of your video card, you may install the overclocking software you downloaded. It is very important to proceed only if you are fully knowledgeable on what the overclocking process entails. If that is not the case then opt to have an experienced computer technician work on your pc.

Remember to increase your GPU clockspeeds and memory in small increments. Video cards are very delicate components. You must process the modification carefully else you might bust the board right there and then. There is no way to predict how the overclocking process will turn out. If you find your computer, your screen, and any part of your pc experiencing any problems, it might be best to revert to the orgininal performance level of your video card.

For successful video card clocking, carefully maintain the right temperature to prevent overheating. You may double your cooling fans or replace your old ones with new and bigger ones. This will help a lot to maintain cool temperatures inside your pc tower. Some employ the use of liquid coolants, which have the reputation for being effective. Learn first if your computer and hardware peripherals can accept these liquid coolants. Exercise caution since there are reported cases of liquid coolants busting the boards.

By Billy Zype

Photo Printing - Top Tips for Getting the Colour Right

If it is really that easy to produce prints at home at low cost, more people would do so. As it is, people all suffer from the not insignificant cost of consumables, and this is made worse by the amount of waste involved in trying several times to get a decent result.

What is the cause?

A very common reason for poor results is an incorrect colour-management setup - or the complete lack of one. Of course, this is in the realms of something "technical", and so many users will naturally avoid getting involved in ideas of "colour management" because it seems difficult to set up.

But sadly, without a colour management system the chances of creating acceptable colour prints are small. Fortunately these days, it is relatively simple to assign ICC profiles to a monitor and other devices in Windows XP and Vista, and what's more, an ever greater number of photo-editing applications have colour management suites included.

Here is some specific advice to create good quality prints with a minimum of waste.

Colour management

ICC profiles installed for at least the monitor and printer/paper combination. These profiles are supplied with the device, or they can be downloaded from the manufacturer's website. Windows XP and Vista profiles are in Windows\System32\spool\drivers\color.

To install a monitor profile, open the Display Properties Control Panel, click the advanced button on the Settings tab and select the Colour Management tab.

Monitor calibration

Specific profiles are produced from an individual monitor, but individual monitors can and do vary in their colour characteristics. Such differences can be controlled by using the factory default settings for brightness, contrast, colour temperature and any other available adjustable settings.

However, if the monitor profile seems to be the source of colour problems, it is worth considering the purchase of a hardware profiler. These devices consist of a spectrophotometer, which attaches to the screen, and software which analyses the screen output to produce an ICC profile for your specific display. Some monitor calibration devices actually measure the ambient light in the room and adjust the monitor settings accordingly, as well as the monitor screen output.

Soft Proofing

There is no point in getting a printer to reproduce exactly what appears on the screen because this is a physical impossibility: the two devices use different systems to display colour - and what's more, a monitor can display many more colours than a printer can actually print.

The answer to this conundrum is soft proofing. This involves using colour management to make the monitor emulate the colour characteristics of the printer. Thus the monitor shows what the printer is able to do, not the other way around. The best photo-editing software, including Photoshop and Paint Shop Pro Photo X2, can show you a soft proof before you commit to ink and paper.

Ambient light

The presence of strong lighting or colours close to your monitor - room lighting, even clothing is called "ambient light". This affects the way on-screen colours look. The fact is, that due to ambient light, a print viewed under artificial room lighting will look very different from outside in the daylight.

Best therefore to choose a neutral desktop colour (white, black, or grey) for viewing photos. If you have a multi-coloured desktop, it is best to use the photo editor's full screen or sideshow mode.

Get the correct ink

Experimenting with unbranded third-party inks is all very well, but if consistent high quality results are needed from a printer, it really is best to use the manufacturer's ink cartridges unless these are substituted with bespoke high-quality specialist inks fit for purpose, rather than inks designed to save costs.

Choosing the correct paper

As with ink it is always best to use paper produced by the printer manufacturer for most purposes. It is really important to understand that there is no such thing as an "absolute" printer profile - the profile supplied any printer manufacturer is for a printer model using a specific paper and ink combination.

If any other paper is used, the profile won't be correct and the results will be unpredictable. It used to be difficult to get hold of profiles for anything other than the manufacturer's recommended ink/ paper combination but, as time goes on, paper manufacturers are beginning to provide profiles for their products on a variety of printers.

Keep the printer clean

A very common cause of inkjet printer problems is blocked jets. This is not really a problem if the printer is turned off after use. Some printers perform a cleaning cycle on power up. But if the printer is left on all the time, the waste is clearly not good for the environment on two fronts: wasted power and wasted paper when rejecting low quality prints.

By Jimi St. Pierre

Using a Cell Phone Recorder

Recording your home phone calls is something that almost everyone has heard about, but, in todays world, a world of cell phones, it may be wise to invest in a great cell phone recorder. In fact, many people today are opting to get rid of all landlines, so as to have only one phone bill; a cell phone. A cell phone recorder serves the same purpose as one you would purchase for you home phones in that it records your phone conversations. However, there is a more urgent need to have a recorder for you cell phone for one main reason. It is dangerous to try and drive and write anything from a cell phone conversation. A cell phone recorder will allow you to concentrate on the road as you record those significant details of your cell phone conversations.

As with land line phones, you can purchase both digital and cassette tape cell phone recorders, it just seems more logical to purchase a digital one for your cell phone. A digital cell phone recorder will come with an adapter that plugs into your cell phone. You can also purchase recorders that automatically start recording as soon as you answer or make a call on your cell phone. One important factor that needs careful consideration with a digital cell phone is memory space. As with anything digital, a digital cell phone recorder as an internal memory card or chip, which has a limited amount of memory space. Therefore, depending on how often you intend to record your cell phone conversations will be something you need to consider so you can choose a recorder with enough memory space.

However, recording your personal calls with a cell phone recorder may not be what you had in mind. You may have suspicions that your significant other is cheating or your children are up to no good. You may want to use a cell phone recorder as a way to spy into other peoples personal conversations. Before you do this, you must note that it is illegal to record a conversation with out the other persons consent. This means you need to study up on your state and federal laws concerning what is known as phone tapping, even with cell phones. Now, once you have considered the laws concerning the recording of cell phone conversations you can consider how you can spy on someones cell phone conversations. Probably one of the best ways to see what whomever you want to spy on is talking about is through wireless cell phone recorders. Basically, you can purchase software to install on the phone and download the software to your computer. This software will allow you to receive the sound waves or signals from the cell phone so you can record the conversations from your computer at home.

Todd Frenzer is a telecommunications industry expert for over 15 years. Get more information regarding cell.

By Todd Frenzer

7 Good Reasons For Buying A Laptop Online

Laptops are becoming increasingly popular with consumers mainly because laptops offer excellent portability, convenience and performance in one small package. You can take your handy little laptop anywhere; no matter whether you're just going into the next room or going around the world.

Laptops or notebook computers are the ultimate high tech gadgets of our time. They offer a tremendous amount of technology in a small versatile machine: you can surf the web, you can watch movies or play games, you can create graphics or do a spreadsheet, you can write your next novel or write your latest school report, you can listen to music or connect directly by webcam to all your friends... anywhere, anytime. These are just a few of the things you can do on your laptop.

And those are all good solid reasons why you should be considering buying a laptop if you're in the market for a personal computer. Now here are some reasons why you should make that laptop purchase ONLINE.

1. Convenience

Buying your laptop online is very convenient. You can sit in your living room and order one of these technical marvels within a few minutes. Granted, visiting your local mall or tech shop will give you an opportunity to examine your future purchase first-hand, but for many buyers in distant or remote locations this is not an option.

Online shopping makes it convenient for everyone to buy their laptop, no matter where they live. It gives everyone the same deals and specials that they normally would not get without the Internet. It is a form of 'Shopping Democracy' in action.

Forget long drives to a busy mall, high gas prices, crowded stores... ordering and buying your laptop from the comfort of your living room or your home office offers great convenience and satisfaction.

2. Better Selection

Shopping online for your notebook offers you a greater selection. Actually, these days just about any laptop invented can be bought online. Your selection will be much greater than you can get in a brick and mortar store.

Most major laptop stores and manufacturers have online outlets so finding a merchant to suit your requirements will be very easy to do. Finding and configuring your perfect laptop will be much simpler if you do it online. You can take your time and you won't be rushed by impatient customers waiting in the line behind you or frustrated by a pushy sales clerk in front of you!

3. Laptop Reviews

Perhaps, one of the best aspects of buying your laptop on the web, are all the reviews and customer ratings you can examine before making your final decision. The Internet is a vast warehouse of reviews and customer ratings on the products you want to buy. Third party review sites and online notebook guides are also helpful when you're looking for general information on purchasing a laptop or computer.

Many online stores have customer feedback and reviews which are extremely helpful. Whether positive or negative these reviews will guide you in making a better purchasing decision. So you should take full advantage of these online laptop reviews and sites.

4. Comparison Shopping

Compare before you buy. Another obvious benefit of buying your laptop online, you can compare all the different prices and stores before you buy. The Internet makes this much more convenient than driving around in the real world to four or five stores just to get the best price.

Online shopping offers you a great chance to do some serious comparison shopping before you buy. Surf around and save your money.

5. Best Pricing

Online stores offer very competitive pricing, mainly because there are no overheads or expenses these stores have to keep. Everything is automated and computerized which can mean bigger savings and lower prices for anyone buying online. It is more like buying from a warehouse outlet than a retail store. You will get a lower price.

Keep in mind, any online store will have a huge consumer base (the whole world in most cases) that their volume levels may be extremely high so offering lower prices is within reason and good business.

6. Laptop Coupons

Many major online laptop sellers such as Dell, HP, Toshiba do offer online coupons and special sales which can mean tremendous savings or discounts for the average buyer. In many cases these coupons or deals are only available online so it really pays to buy your laptop from the web.

7. Free Shipping

Free shipping is also offered by many online retailers and notebook manufacturers. This is another reason why buying online can prove beneficial. UPS or next day shipping is often available, although if you're having your laptop configured or created to your own specifications it usually takes longer to receive your purchase.

So the next time you're thinking about buying a laptop, consider buying it online. It will not only be more convenient but you will also have a wider selection, better pricing, and all the reviews and customer feedback you will need to make a wise decision. Moreover, it doesn't matter where you live, you can comparison shop to find the best deal to suit your needs. Plus, if you check around, you can get free shipping thrown in as an extra reason to buy your laptop online.

For more information on Buying Notebooks and Laptops online at Bargain Prices Click Here: Cheap Laptops... Or here: Laptop Buying Guide.

By Titus Hoskins

Mac Vs PC - Logic and Common Sense to the Rescue!

In the March, 2008 issue of the ABA Journal there is an article regarding PC versus MAC in regards to cost, security and usability.

This article is a response to the comments from Ben Stevens and Rick Georges and the comments they have made in this great debate of the "New Century" as they put it.

I have been in IT for 20+ years; I have over 10 years of MAC experience dating back to the MAC Plus. I have about 15 years of PC experience and the last 5 years have been focusing on security and intrusion prevention. I am also a SANS GIAC Certified Security Professional. When I had my own computer business I specialized in setups and upgrades of fully networked systems for law firms. In other words, I have the background qualifications to set the record straight. I guess you could call me the "expert witness" here.

Being that Ben Stevens is an attorney and is contributing to this article I have to assume that he is aware that he is reporting false information. He is either lying or he is completely incompetent regarding the "Security" of the Mac. There are "ZERO" Mac viruses is a complete lie and he should be ashamed of himself for misleading people like this. It is either gross negligence or complete stupidity.

Also his claims about costs are false - I have personally managed $30+ million upgrade projects for windows based environments and made comparisons to MAC that people like Ben never even consider.

See my other Article below regarding Layer 8 of the OSI Model:

It is my professional opinion that Ben Stevens is not qualified to advise anyone on their computer purchases - if he were to do so, someone should sue him for malpractice.

You see operating systems are made by people; people make mistakes which result in flaws or weaknesses. Other humans constantly seek out these weaknesses and attempt to exploit them. Once the exploit is found a Virus is written to take advantage and then web sites go up to lure the unsuspecting. Mac users make a serious mistake in assuming that their systems are immune - that is ridiculous. MAC had security through obscurity. In other words they were such a minute market share that they became to insignificant of a target to attack. That is not security. For awhile now Mac and its supporters have been claiming that Macs are invulnerable - that is foolishness and basically daring attackers to try. Also consider that Mac is regaining back some market share now which means they are increasing the target size making them more appealing to try to exploit.

You also have to take into account the fact that the MAC OS' has verified vulnerabilities which exploits exist for and/or are being created for right now.

One of the most dangerous parts to this puzzle is what I like to refer to as Layer 8 of the OSI Model - the end User. These oft repeated messages of "You're safe and Mac's don't get viruses." Build up a false sense of security in Mac users that will make exploiting them far easier than the savvy PC users. As long as the greatest sucurity risk between the chair and keyboard exist a computer is vulnerable to attack.

You must always remember that the bad guys are after the low hanging fruit. With Macs not being protected, users being over confident and a growing market share the Mac is fast approaching the status of lowest hanging fruit.

Also try to keep in mind that now the virus writers are not kids trying to impress their girlfriends anymore. Today these are often sophisticated and educated criminals with intent to make a profit at your expense. Many of these organized criminals even have PhD's in computer science.

Some final advice: Never, ever trust a person that tells you your OS is immune to Viruses. Never, ever trust only your OS to protect itself from you and the internet.

Here's an offer Ben - you stop trying to pretend to be an I.T. guy and I won't pretend to be a lawyer.

One last parting comment:

Rick Georges is absolutely correct when he states "Remember: Know what software you want to run before you decide what hardware to buy."

This is the golden rule of computing - You always by computers to perform a task. The task defines the software and the software defines the computer. Anyone that would tell you to look at hardware first has no business advising anyone on computing or related technologies because they are incompetent.

http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/mac_v_pc/

It's Not te OS Stupid, It's Layer 8 of the OSI Model
http://ezinearticles.com/?Its-Not-the-OS-Stupid,-Its-Layer-8-of-the-OSI-Model&id=522079

More about Mac Viruses:
http://www.smh.com.au/news/breaking/macs-becoming-virus-targets/2006/05/01/1146335624796.html

By Prescott Small

Spyware Search and Destroyz

Reports state that over 90% of computers are infected with spyware.

Most people nowadays have at least one computer, some more, so just think about the increased chance of spyware if you don't have a anti spyware program in place.

If you surf the web, receive emails or download music, for example,then you have probably encountered some form of spyware lurking on your computer. I don't think some people realise the harmful effects of spyware or how it works.

Here is just a few examples,

• it can run on your computer behind the scenes without you knowing it has been installed;
• your computer can begin to run really slow;
• it can log everything you type and send this information to the programmer of that particular spyware program;
• it can take not of every website you visit allowing the programmer to view your browsing history;
• it can record personal information like passwords and credit card numbers and leave you vulnerable to identity theft;
• and it can take files, pictures etc from your hard drive.

Not all spyware programs are the same therefore some will not do much and others will do everything in the examples above and more.

It is beneficial to have a good spyware security system in place to decrease your risk of suffering any of the effects in the list above.

Many people start of with a free anti spyware program. A popular and industry favourite is Spyware Search and Destroy. If you have an anti-virus program, don't assume it will find spyware. Instead be on the safe side and install and run software specifically for finding spyware.

Read more and download Spyware Search and Destroy for free!

By Graeme Clark

Brother Laser Printer Cartridges

One of the earliest manufacturers in original office equipment is Brother, a brand that has been innovating designs for long. Brother typewriters were reputed to be the best and when the electronic version came they were a big hit. From this reputed brand comes the finest quality of original laser printer cartridges. As printer models have kept changing so have the cartridges. Combined with good quality paper they perform well.

Amongst the best laser supplies one can get a quality laser drum unit. It is tested for producing the best charging and images transfer. One has to get specific laser printer cartridges for different models. When you buy original cartridges they can be installed without any problems. Brother laser printer cartridges have become very popular with professionals and individuals for private use. One can get separate refill toner cartridges also. The refilled ones are a fraction of original equipment manufactured product. They can also be delivered to homes and offices.

A typical Brother laser printer cartridge works this way. If you have the model number HL-700 Cartridge series, it has a drum unit and a separate toner unit. In the drum unit there is OPC drum, drum cleaning sponge roller, a developer and transfer roller, toner supplier roller, doctor blade and corona wire. The OPC unit is capable of taking out about 20, 000 pages smoothly. This can be done with 5% continuous cover printing. The toner cartridge is pegged at 22, 000 pages at 5%. If one needs this many pages, about nine toner cartridges will be required.

Buy Brother laser printer cartridges, fax & copier machines online for the best rates here at EnduranceToner.com. Call us at 1-800-617-1473 now.

By Amit Salkar

Laptop Care

Now days the use of Laptops has become to a very much large extent that in spite of having to work on it we must also take uttermost care of how to keep it working efficiently for long. Here are some of the listed tips which you must follow so as to make your Laptop work efficiently.

1. First of all go for having a deep study of your laptops user annual which you have received with your Laptop. These manuals provided by the manufacturers contain many of the specifications about it which must be followed. Knowing your Laptop better is the first step of having care to it.

2. The next step is to make the laptops breathe the fresh air. This is one of the most vital parts of Laptop care. As there are many components which are minute and have to work by consuming higher wattages a proper flow of air so as to make it cooler is the must.

3. Next one is to keep your laptop always away from oil or greases because these can short circuit he internal circuits of your laptop.

4. Another very useful tips is to always keep your laptop on a hard base while working on it for long time. As this will make it to have the flow of air easily and also to radiate extra heat to the atmosphere easily.

5. Do not ever try to expose your Laptop to strong electric or magnetic field because this may disrupt its internal working. Always try to keep it free from such stray electric or magnetic fields.

6. Always try to keep them away from Subwoofer or woofer as these are a good source of stray magnetic or electric field. Always avoid keeping them near to them.

7. Do always carry your laptop in the case provided by it. As this will help to protect it from any jerk accidentally which may cause? These bags are designed so as to absorb at least some amount of jerks so as to protect your laptop from damage.

By following all he above mentioned rules of Laptop care you are definitely going to make your laptops work more efficiently and that too freely without causing any problems. These are the most general tips but also the most important one to be followed.

To find more useful information about laptop, data recovery, backup, and more visit The Laptop Support Community.

Victor Pradel is the administrator of The Laptop Support Community, where you can find many useful content about laptop help , troubleshooting and repairing.

By Victor Pradel

Information on Used Laptops

Used laptops are those that have been used by a consumer for a length of time and then they are resold for a number of reasons. Used laptops offer the potential savings of hundreds of dollars over a new laptop. Used laptops are a cheaper alternative to buying new, and are a great investment for a laptop capable of performing many tasks. Used laptops are just like used cars you need to check them out and be sure of what you are purchasing first. Used laptops are for the most part are a good value for the money.

Buying
Buying from eBay, smaller used laptop websites and other shops or the classifieds can be successful; you just need to know what to look for. Buying a used laptop allows you to pick up technology which is still in use today although it may not have the most recent operating system. Buying a refurbished laptop doesn't mean you're stuck with an outdated machine, as most of the refurbished units will be updated with some of the most current technologies today. A refurbished laptop is an excellent choice if you are not comfortable with buying a used laptop plus the do come with a warranty.

Price
A number of certified dealers trade in eBay, Amazon and Yahoo stores, offering very tempting prices for used laptops. Regardless of the brand, medium priced used laptops in the range of $500.00 to $650.00 are considered good money savers for those who do not require using the fancier laptops. You can for instance get a laptop without wireless capabilities at a better price, and you can add a wireless card to your laptop and save additional money. You should be considering used laptop or refurbished laptop which can get you most if not all the features you want, without paying full price. The brands named laptops tend to have higher prices for the same features as some of the less popular brands.

Used laptops are perfect for students doing homework, a professional that only needs to operate a few programs, or for someone who just wants to access the internet without the bulk of a desktop. They are perfect for people wanting to use a mobile computer for only a couple of applications, but still want the mobility of a laptop. Used laptops are sold for a number of reasons one of the reasons might be due to purchase of a higher configuration laptop, or might be tired of using the laptop for some time and would just like to have a newer one. Used laptops are a viable option to own a laptop at if you are on a tight budget.

By Robert R Smith

Laptops Battery Life

The battery life and the laptop battery care is another most important topic which one must have to care so as to have longer battery life. Normally the batteries which the manufacturers provide with the Laptops are Li-Ion or Li-Polymer these are rechargeable batteries and can give you optimum backup even you are working on battery packs. But the main thing is tat how to optimize it to make it work more efficiently.

The common term when we talk about Battery in Laptops is the Depth of Discharge (DOD). Depth of Discharge (DOD) is the amount that a battery is run down to before it is put back on charge. For a notebook this can vary enormously. Many machines are only run down to 70% battery during short stints of battery power (known as a shallow DOD), others are discharged completely to 10% or 5% (known as deep DOD), this is when the notebook switches off or warns about low battery.

Now another technical aspect is the charge cycle. A charge cycle is a cycle of running the battery down and then charging it up again. One charge cycle is classified as when the battery is run down to 70% or less and then charged again to 90% or more. A battery does not have to be discharged until it is flat before a charge cycle is used.

The other main factor that affects battery life is temperature, the hotter the battery the less charge cycles it will run for, the industry suggestions are that a battery is run at between 10 and 30 degrees centigrade. It should be noted that it may be hotter inside the notebook where the battery is than in the room where it is being used.

The battery life and rechargeable ability of a particular type of batteries like Li-Ion varies but these are more than enough for you before going for its replacement. Always try to have a look at your battery packs how much backup they provide and time of full charge. This is done so as to check if the batteries are becoming old or demanding for the replacement or what. If possible always try to use Power Supply while working on Laptops.

Always carry with you an extra battery pack so as to use it when you are traveling and where it is not possible to lug in to the Power Supply. If you have found that the batteries has gone old then immediately replace it with new one and never keep the old batteries in the Laptop thinking of buying the new one. This will damage your internal circuit.

Victor Pradel is the administrator of The Laptop Support Community, where you can find many useful content about laptop help , troubleshooting and repairing.

By Victor Pradel

Laptop Buying Guide

Several of the major computer manufacturers now offer ultra thin, very sleek and, above all, fantastic looking small laptops. Sony recently launched their TZ Ultraportable and in January 2008 Apple unveiled the MacBook Air. These laptops are at the cutting edge of available consumer computer technology and their unique selling point is how portable and lightweight they are. However, these are expensive laptops and the question remains - will you be getting good value for money?

The first thing to consider is exactly what you will be using your new laptop for. These ultra thin laptops maybe small, but this comes at the expense of power. They are not the most powerful laptops available because the manufacturers have had to closely pack all the components in. If you are going to be editing movies or running other power hungry applications you should go for the most powerful laptop you can get for your budget.

Secondly you should consider how much you travel with your computer, how long for and what you do with it when you do travel. These ultra portable laptops are extremely thin and particularly easy to transport, but how hard is your current laptop to carry around? For example, if you were to buy a MacBook Air you have to consider that it does not have an interchangeable battery. If you travel for long periods of time without access to power then after the battery runs out you have to wait to charge it. With a larger, more traditional laptop you could simply replace the battery with a spare one. There is a great deal of compromise in these ultra portable laptops and you need to truly assess your requirements (everything from connection ports to screen size) before committing. It may be that a laptop just ½ an inch thicker is more suitable.

Finally, there is one more important aesthetic to consider before you purchase a new laptop and that is the style factor. Ultra portable laptops are at the lead edge of personal computer technology and they look sensational. Do you want to be just another commuter with a standard laptop on the train, or would you prefer to stand out from the crowd with an laptop so compact it oozed style and design cool. The answer to that question can only be decided by you.

At Buy Macbook Air you will find a guide to the new MacBook Air, reviews and discussions about this and other thin notebook computers.

By Theo Corbett

5 Easy Tips To Keep Your Computer Running Smooth

There are various ways to streamline computer performance and functionality. I will show you five very helpful methods that I have learned in the field to help keep your computer running great. Some are free but there are some which will require a small investment which is well worth the cost. I have provided some links at the bottom of this article to help you decide what tools to invest in. This article is for Windows 2000/XP users only.

1. Cleanup your startup menu- This is perhaps the fastest way to improve overall performance and startup speed. To do this, go to the run command line in the start menu and type in msconfig. Please ONLY use the startup tab at the top!! Go through the list of startup programs and disable messengers, updaters, and applications that are not used at all times ie. (quick time task, winzip, Ituneshelper). The rule of thumb here is disable what you know you don't need and don't touch anything you do not understand or recognize, they are most likely drivers and system files.

2. Run a disk defragment- If you notice that your applications are taking a long time to load or are not running as smooth as your used to run a disk defragment. This will basically organize your hard drive to run more efficiently. To run, go to your start menu, program files, accessories, system tools, Disk Defragmenter. Click the analyze button to see if you need to defragment and if you do, click the defragment button. Please note, while running this utility you should not make any system changes including saving and deleting files, installing and/or uninstalling programs or moving files on your hard drive. It is best to just start it and let it run. It can take up to 5 hours depending on the size of the drive and the amount of fragmentation in the volume. This is easiest to start before you go to bed.

3. Use anti-virus- I can't stress this enough, if you are on the internet you need anti-virus. Not only will it protect you from attacks but it will actively scan any files you open and will stop most viruses BEFORE they infect you computer. You will have to purchase this for your computer and I have provided some helpful links to good anti-virus programs. These should be set to be running at all times through the settings of the anti-virus program and updated weekly if not daily.

4. Run spy-bot scans regularly- Spy bots are not the same as viruses. A virus is aimed to infect and deter your computer from running correctly. Spy bots can steal your information, passwords, logins, and are typically malicious in intent. I consider these more dangerous than viruses because they can literally steal your identity without you knowing it and open the door to automatically download viruses to your computer. I have also provided links for effective spy bot removal tools. These should be run twice a month.

5. Registry Cleaners- A little known tool for making a huge performance increase to your computer is running a registry cleaner regularly. Basically what these do is remove any unnecessary piece of your registry left behind from either updating your software, removing a program or deleting program directories. By doing this it will help your computer find the correct paths it needs to run the commands given to it and help avoid "confusion" by removing "broken pieces" in the registry.

By Branden Dilorenzo

Crashed Hard Drives - Data Recovery Is Big Business

Over my 20 years of computer repair, it is safe to say that I have had to replace 1 defective hard drive a week. That's 52 a year, so that's 1000 hard drives give or take. It is also safe to say that 20% of those crashed hard drives did not even phase the customer. Maybe 60% just considered it a hassle. But that leaves another 20% that were almost in tears because they filled it with family photos or work documents with out any form of data backup.

The purpose of this article is to cover a few backup options along with the cost associated with it. You will be surprised at the worst case scenario.

I'm willing to bet that every one smart enough to find this article has a CD burner on there computer. Right there you have no excuse for not backing up your files, but it is time consuming. The CDs need to organized to some extent and they are susceptible to scratches, nicks and heat. So while it is an option, it is not to practical.

Personally I pay about $9 a month for web hosting. With this I can simply set up a folder that is password protected on the server. Then every few days I connect to it and upload my whole drive by dragging and dropping. Take a FTP program of your choice and tell it to copy only the newer files and it's just that easy. What's that? $108 a year? Even then my hosting company backs up my backup while I can tend to the various blogs and sites I maintain.

Quick question... who much does it cost to add a second hard drive to your system? For as little as $200 - $250 you could get an external hard drive in it's own little case that plugs into your USB port. Again, just set it up to copy over the new data.

While there are many more mays to back up your hard drive, here is the part that floors people. Many times over I have had a customer tell me that they need the data off of a dead drive no matter what the cost... then they eat there words or change there mind after they get the details. I'm going to use Ontrack just as an example just because I have used them dozens of times and they have been around longer then me. ( Highly recommended but not affiliated )

They sell data recovery software, as do several other companies. $449 for an Outlook file recovery program. A general data recovery program for just under $200. A professional commercial and consulting, yearly license runs $1499. All this is assuming that the hard drive is spinning correctly and can can be seen by the system. But what if the heads crash or it does not spin at all or the BIOS does not see it? Then it needs to go to a clean room for physical repairs and that's where it starts to add up.

Recently I've seen places advertise that they can fix a drive for $500 on the average with a 88% success rate. That may be the case but most places I've worked with require that much as a non refundable diagnostic fee. Then expect another $1000 for them to put the data on another hard drive. Even then, you usually need to reinstall Windows and all your applications. This is just data recovery.

So in the long run, I hope you can see how practical the time and money it takes to keep your own data backed up is. There is no guarantee that when you wake up in the morning your hard drive will wake up with you. So do yourself a favor and take action sooner then later.

With 20 years of computer repairs behind me, I'm here to share some of the most popular problems and ways to avoid them in my new blog Computer Nightmares. Over the years, the main issues have shifted from hardware to software and I address both. All in an effort to save you from the troubles I've had to seen over and over again.

By Brandon McVey

Top Selling iPod - 3 Reasons Why

The popularity of iPods is not surprising as the number of digital music lovers worldwide has grown phenomenally. This is mainly due to the convenience and music on call anywhere and anytime facility made available by iPods. The iPod had its humble beginnings as a high-end music device for those who had a fancy for sophisticated devices and had the means to indulge in it. However, given the free and dynamic forces of competition, the device evolved into something which is very affordable and enjoys a huge demand. As can be expected, many players have jumped onto the wagon and we have iPods of many brands, prices, features and sizes. From among these, some have become brand leaders with one or two being leaders of the pack.

What makes a particular brand or model a top or best seller? Among the many variables, storage (number of songs), size/weight, colors/materials, price and what comes together with the device in terms of accessories, appear to be key factors.

1. Storage and Number of Songs. The simple and easy consideration would be to make available to everyone a device with the highest capacity. However, this would not be practical as most iPod users would not need a large storage capacity. They simply would not have the time to listen to all the songs or music stored. A conservative estimate is that as an average, users only need to have something like 100 CDs worth of music. Therefore, it is generally believed that a typical user would only need a device with an equivalent plus or minus capacity. There are certainly exceptions due to people with special needs and there are models that cater to larger storage capacities. They come in full-sizes and higher price tags.
2. Size and Appearance. The best selling iPods are devices that can be held comfortably in the palm of the hand. In fact, the smallest ones are as or even smaller than a single compact disc. In terms of color, black, silver and white-on-chrome give a distinctive and luxurious look. There are models which are available in as many as five different colors. An additional requirement is that the device should be durable as, like the hand phone, the iPod would be subject to heavy daily usage. Though most models are scratch resistant, a simple plastic cover would be an additional protection.
3. Price Tag and Accessories. Price, no doubt, is an important factor. However, one needs to be wise. A small difference in price can make a big difference in terms of quality, capacity, size and features. The cheapest, in this case, may not be a wise purchase. It comes down to getting value for money. An equally important end-factor is what comes together with the iPod. There are the "nice to have" and the"must have" accessories. Purchasers need to ensure that the basic accessories are inclusive. At times, it would be more prudent to take up offers that come as a package as accessories may be a bit pricey when bought separately.

In purchasing an iPod whether as an upgrade or new purchase, the above factors would be overall considerations. However, certain technical details and specifications would also need to be taken into account according to individual needs. In conclusion, it is best to be cautious of huge discounts as these could be due to models that have caveats on them or have issues.

You cannot go wrong with a top brand best seller that is made available by an internationally reputed source. It is available at a very affordable price and is a bargain as a package. You get to choose the option that best meets your needs. Drop by here, view product and learn more.

By Azhar Victor

Why Do You Still Consider Vista When XP Is Better?

Many experts are telling people not to upgrade XP, because XP is very fast, stable and more compatible as compare to Vista. However, these reasons are not good enough for me to stop upgrading, simply because I know how to make Vista a better XP.

I have listed down the 7 reasons to upgrade XP to Vista:

Reason #1 - Vista is safer.

I know User Account Control can be very annoying, you can avoid this if you know how to properly configure and authorize your software. Configure everything in Administrator account but run your Vista with a normal user account, this will safe guard your settings and operating system.

Reason #2 - Vista is cool.

Despite the fact that Apple Mac is nicer, Vista is still very cool as compare to XP. User Interface is more tidy and nicer, and the search menu allowed quick access to many features. You can also set an animated background with Dreamcast and I absolutely love it!

Reason #3 - Vista can be very fast.

With proper tuning, Vista can perform very fast. You can find out more in the "Unleash Vista Power Advance Guide".

Reason #4 - Vista is the future.

All the software will be design to fully exploit Vista advanced features, XP will not have the same and will eventually became obsolete.

Reason #5 - Windows 7 is better ?

Many users will wait for Windows 7 to upgrade, do you think Windows 7 will not have the same problems? Until it's stabilized will take years, how long do you think it will add up?

Reason #6 - Vista gaming experience is better.

Undeniably, Vista gaming experience is better, at least when more games' vendor supporting the new features.

Reason #7 - Maximizing hardware potential.

If you want more from your hardware, only Vista will help you to maximize your hardware and squeeze every bit of the power from it. Some reported Internet and network connection is slower, but the problem remains on older and incompatible hardware, most recent hardware has better support from Vista, and is faster.

Finally, I must add another reason, Vista price has just gone down, do you still want to wait or join game soon?

By Kok Choon Kow

The Dangers of Overclocking

This overclocking process can be done on the CPU, the RAM, the video card, and on some other peripherals connected to their computer motherboard. This could be safe when used moderately but when used to excess, it can pose great dangers to your computer. Overclocking your computer too much and too fast can be very risky. Also, older computer hardware models have a difficult time adjusting to overclocking and are prone to damages.

Overclocking the hardware peripherals on your computer system indeed has quite a number of advantages, but it has many accompanying risks; doing that may cause lots of damaging effects on your pc. Overclocking may cause serious dangers like hardware overheating. Other undesirable results may be data corruption and complete system failure or total crashing. Worse, fire may even set up on the computer and in your home! It is best to find out and weigh all deciding factors very carefully before even going about overclocking your hardware.

Power requirements will eventually increase as your hardware is overclocked; more voltage is needed to be supplied to the peripherals because of high frequencies in effect. Circuit damage and frying are liable to happen and this can be permanent. Remember that manufacturers have designed and rated transistor chips that way, in that voltage, with the required (and maximum) temperature. Overclocking changes all of that, the chips are made to accept volts and experience temperatures very much over than the normal. With all these, the Central Processing Unit may become very unstable because it will be pushed beyond its built in design.

Some pc owners who do not think much about over clocking the pc a notch at a time step up the hardware too high too soon. Problems may crop up with that move. It is important to step up voltages and clock frequencies a notch at a time since electronic circuits by nature produce heat from all the activity going on in that cramped up board they're on. As everything goes up so does the production of heat; overclocking subjects the circuit boards to high voltages and frequencies. It produces extremely high heat which boards were not specifically designed to bear.

Some people remedy overheating by doubling fan coolers, or by substituting the computer's current fans for much bigger fans, and/or increasing fan speeds thru the aid of many softwares (speedfan is an example of these) readily available for trial and purchase (some are free)on the internet.

Some of them though replace fans with coolants. Coolants are actually more effective compared to multiple or larger fans. The problem is that liquid coolants pose additional danger on a computer since most of these liquid coolants do not fare well in direct contact with all circuit boards.

By Billy Zype

Do You Have Spyware Problems?

If you find yourself wondering how to remove spyware from your PC, it means that you've noticed that your computer is malfunctioning. What spyware and adware programs usually do is slowing down your computer speed by cluttering your hard drive with unnecessary and disturbing programs. Taking actions to remove spyware and adware will noticeably increase your drive speed and help you use your computer properly.

The main concern with all adware and spyware is that they pose serious security issues. You need to remove adware as soon as possible if you suspect its presence, because your personal information may be at risk. Whoever created the adware that has infected your PC can get access to the data you have stored in it, even if you are not online.

Other annoying effect of spyware programs is creating pop-ups. They can make the whole Internet surfing experience really annoying. Also, adware can modify your home page and infect some pages in order to display their own messages that are, most of the times, obscene.

Removing spyware is possible and one of the most efficient ways to stop its effects is using computer firewall protection. These firewalls prevent any adware or spyware from being installed in your computer as legitimate data is being downloaded when you surf the Internet.

It is of utmost importance to detect and delete spyware since their danger level has surpassed that of viruses. Spyware is now considered number one danger threatening our computers in the present.

In order to remove adware you need to research different methods. You can manually remove spyware or you can take the automatic route. Choosing to remove adware manually can prove to be difficult as each spyware may require different removal procedures.

Although most of us don't perceive what threat adware can be, it is imperative to show interest to what adware protection is concerned. If you are one of those people who has never checked his PC for spyware, adware and other harmful viruses, you're in for a real surprise. Scan your computer right away and start searching for the best way to remove spyware.

By Cristian Ignat

How To Clean The Windows XP Registry

The Windows XP registry is notorious for getting cluttered and corrupted with obsolete, outdated, and empty files and folders. The reasons for this clutter vary. Sometimes these files are left behind by programs that have been incompletely uninstalled from your computer. Other times they are the result of viruses and spyware programs.

Wherever they come from, there is really only one way to clean the registry thoroughly, safely, and efficiently.

Best Methods

By using a good Windows XP registry cleaner software program you will not only save yourself time, but you will also make the process much safer. It's not recommended that you go into the registry yourself and try to remove entries by hand unless you know exactly what you are doing.

Even if you did know precisely what you were doing, finding all the obsolete and empty files and folders could take hours upon hours, and you still might not get all of them. Registry repair software will allow you to scan your registry in just a few minutes and remove all the useless files with the click of a mouse.

Backup Safety

In order to make this a safe process, it's always a good idea to make a manual backup of your registry. This is a very easy process that takes about 30 seconds.

1. Go to Start / Run
2. Type in "regedit" (no quotes) and press enter
3. This opens the Windows registry editor
4. Click File - Export
5. Name the registry file and pick a good place to save it
6. Click save

That's it! Now you have a backup copy of your registry just in case anything goes wrong when you clean it out. Registry repair programs are usually very safe, however making a backup copy is a good idea before doing any sort of computer upgrade or maintenance.

By Cynthia Blake

Type of Backups in Windows XP

While going for hiring someone for the data backup solutions one must know what type of backup techniques they are going to follow. Almost there are five main types of data backup techniques which are generally followed while going for data backup. Each is having its own advantages and disadvantages. Either these techniques mentioned below are applied individually or in groups so as to bring the most of the Data Recovery during crashes or during data loss. Here listed below are the most important backup techniques that are followed while data bachup.

Copy Backup - A copy backup copies all selected files but does not mark each file as having been backed up (in other words, the archive attribute is not cleared). Copying is useful if you want to back up files between normal and incremental backups because copying does not affect these other backup operations.

Daily Backup -A daily backup copies all selected files that have been modified the day the daily backup is performed. The backed-up files are not marked as having been backed up (in other words, the archive attribute is not cleared).

Differential Backup - A differential backup copies files created or changed since the last normal or incremental backup. It does not mark files as having been backed up (in other words, the archive attribute is not cleared). If you are performing a combination of normal and differential backups, restoring files and folders requires that you have the last normal as well as the last differential backup.

Incremental Backup -An incremental backup backs up only those files created or changed since the last normal or incremental backup. It marks files as having been backed up (in other words, the archive attribute is cleared). If you use a combination of normal and incremental backups, you will need to have the last normal backup set as well as all incremental backup sets in order to restore your data.

Normal Backup -A normal backup copies all selected files and marks each file as having been backed up (in other words, the archive attribute is cleared). With normal backups, you need only the most recent copy of the backup file or tape to restore all of the files. You usually perform a normal backup the first time you create a backup set.

By Alan Mod